LUBRICATION GENERAL New  vehicles  are  lubricated  before  they  are  delivered. After     the     vehicle     is     placed     in     operation,     regular lubrication  intervals,  based  on  the  type  of  service  and road     conditions,     should     be     established.     Thorough lubrication at definite intervals will add to the Low Cost of Ownership  (LCO)  and  will  reduce  the  overall  operating expense. The   interval   between   lubrication   periods,   oil   changes, etc.,   depends   entirely   upon   operating   conditions.   The loads   carried,   speed,   road   and   weather   conditions   all contribute   to   the   frequency   of   lubrication   periods.   In some types of operation, and where operating conditions are  extremely  severe  (such  as  in  deep  water,  mud,  or unusually   dusty   conditions),   the   vehicle   may   require lubrication after every twenty-four (24) hours of operation. Only  lubricants  of  the  best  quality  .,  having  proper  body or viscosity, should be use, The use of inferior products will   reduce   the   service   life   of   the   vehicle   or   result   in failure of its components. The  lubrication  specifications  refer  only  to  the  viscosity (SAE)  and  type  to  be  applied.  The  viscosity  numbers have    been    adopted    by    the    Society    of    Automotive Engineers  to  classify  lubricants  according  to  "body"  or ’thickness" and do not cover any other properties. Unless otherwise specified, never add lubricant unless it is the same grade as that which is already in use. If the grade  is  unknown  or  not  available,  drain  flush  and  refill with new lubricant. The  Lubrication  Intervals  specified  should  be  performed at whatever interval occurs first, whether  it  is  months  or miles (kilometers). ENGINE OIL Keep oil level as near the high level mark as possible. Never  operate  an  engine  with  oil  level  below  low  level mark. When    checking    the    oil    level,    the    dipstick    must    be withdrawn and wiped clean, then inserted all the way and withdrawn again for a true reading. Never   check   the   oil   level   with   the   engine   running   or immediately   after   engine   shutdown   as   an   inaccurate reading will be obtained. ENGINE OIL SPECIFICATIONS OIL QUALITY Oil   quality   is   described   by   API   (American   Petroleum Institute) engine service categories. API categories are defined by oil performance (deposits and wear) measured in standardized engine tests. API "S" categories  (SC,  SE,  SF)  describe  oils  for  spark  ignition (gasoline)    engines,    while    "C"    categories    (CC,    CD) describe  oils  for  diesel  engines.  Oils  with  both  "S"  and "C"  categories  (such   as   SF/CD)   are   suitable   for   both spark  ignition  and  diesel  engines.  Sometimes,  the  "S" and "C" categories are reversed (such as CD/SF). Oil  quality  is  also  described  by  two  current  U.S.  Military Specifications,  MIL-L-46152B  and  MIL-L-2104D.  (MILL- 2104D  recently  superseded  MIL-L-2104C,  which  is  now obsolete but which may still be widely used.) The oil quality recommended depends upon engine type (diesel  or  spark  ignition)  and  engine  design.  There  are many supplementary fuel and oil additives for sale. If you follow the lubricant and oil-change interval recommendations,   your   engine   will   not   require   these additives. NOTE :  Do NOT use oils specifically marketed by suppliers for  stationary,  marine,  or  railroad  diesel  engines,  or for stationary natural gas engines, even though they are  marked  API  category  CD.  Such  oils  can  cause excessive valve train wear and combustion chamber deposits. (These oils are sold only In drums or bulk.) CTS-4033B-Page 2